A Psychologist Explains Parts Work: The Secret to Turning Internal Clashes Into Smooth Sailing

A diverse multi-ethnic crew of smiling friends standing together on the sunny deck of a sailing boat on open blue water representing aligned personality parts in Resource Therapy.

Ever feel like you’re a walking, talking contradiction? One minute you’re a calm, confident professional leading a high-stakes meeting, and the next you’re completely overwhelmed by a minor bit of critical feedback, feeling like a misunderstood child.
If that sounds familiar, let’s clear something up right now: You haven’t lost your marbles. You’ve just got a lively internal crew on deck, and a couple of your personality “parts” are clashing.

A historic masted tall ship navigating dark choppy ocean waters under a dramatic stormy sky representing psychological conflict and parts work therapy similar to IFA.
When your internal crew is out of sync, it feels like navigating a violent psychological storm.. Source: Pngtree

As psychologists and global parts therapy trainers, we believe the most misunderstood, under-utilised form of human intelligence isn’t something measured on a standard cognitive test.
It’s your Internal Intelligence. It’s how well you know, respect, and steer the different emotional parts living inside you.

When these parts engage in an internal tug-of-war, it feels like your ship is caught in a violent squall. Here is what is actually going on beneath deck, and how parts work can help get your inner crew working in brilliant harmony across Australia, New Zealand, and internationally.

The Myth of the “Single Self”

An antique vintage maritime navigation chart displaying complex ocean routes and a detailed compass rose mapping out personality parts framework.
Your personality isn’t a single point on a map; it’s a vast, interconnected network of internal routes and destinations. Source: StockCake


We are taught from childhood that we have one single, uniform personality. But our everyday language tells a completely different story. Think about how often you say things like:

  • “A part of me really wants to apply for that promotion, but another part is terrified of failing.”
  • “I don’t know why I snapped like that—that part of me just took over.”
    The reality? You aren’t just one lonely sailor on deck; your personality is made up of a whole inner crew. In the psychological framework of Resource Therapy (RT), we call these facets your Resource States or parts.

Every single part stepped on board for an excellent reason: to handle a specific life situation. You have an analytical part for work, a playful adventurer for friends, and a fiercely protective lookout who watches for danger.
Ideally, your ship should operate under a beautifully clear system: The Normal Condition.

The Normal Benchmark: This is the ultimate goal for every single member of your inner crew.

A “Normal” part is completely healthy, grounded, and acting appropriately for the *here and now*. When a part is in this state, it steps up as the absolute best Captain of the Moment to suit the occasion, fully armed with the necessary skills to navigate your current reality smoothly. But just like a real ship crew, sometimes your inner parts get tired, hurt, or stuck in ancient patterns, throwing the whole vessel off course.

The Four Internal Clashes Potentially Sabotaging Your Life Voyage

When our internal intelligence breaks down, it’s usually because an everyday adult part has slipped into a part not equipped for the journey. If you feel like you are constantly fighting your own ship, look closely at these four common patterns:

1. The Vaded Parts (Trapped in Old Storms)

These are parts of your crew that have become flooded (vaded) by intense, unresolved emotions from past shipwrecks. They are stuck in an emotional time loop.

  • Vaded in Fear: Flooded with old trauma, keeping your inner lookout in a state of constant anxiety and hyper-vigilance.
  • Vaded in Rejection (The “Not Enough” Part): Carrying deep feelings of inadequacy and shame, causing this part to withdraw to the lower decks.
  • Vaded in Disappointment: Operating with a low-energy, hopeless tone that mutters, “What’s the point? Abandon ship.”
  • Vaded in Confusion: Trapped in endless rumination, looping guilt, or blame.

2. The Retro Parts (Outdated Navigation Software)

These parts are running on ancient, overlearned habits that no longer serve your current voyage.

  • Retro Original: Old, automated behaviours your other parts dislike, like nail-biting, or defensive snapping under pressure.
  • Retro Avoiding (The Numbing & Scrolling Part): Numbing strategies, like mindlessly scrolling your phone for hours or reaching for an extra glass of wine, are designed entirely to push uncomfortable feelings deep down into the cargo hold.

3. The Conflicted Parts (The Internal Tug-of-War)

This is classic psychological paralysis. Two of your internal parts are vehemently competing for the steering wheel with opposite goals. One part wants to speak up boldly and steer forward; the other is afraid of rocking the boat with conflict and locks your jaw, freezing the rudder.

4. The Dissonant Parts (Wrong Sailor at the Wheel)

This happens when an otherwise capable part shows up at the wrong station. Imagine your strict, hyper-analytical “corporate manager” part hijacking the wheel during a relaxed, romantic weekend away. Planning the next business decision in the boardroom. It’s an excellent, highly skilled part, but it’s in the completely wrong role for the current waters. Here, your romantic ‘partner’ part will be best to be in the driver’s seat.

🧭 Interactive Tool: Map Your Inner Crew

Want to see how your own internal team operates? Click below to try our live interactive parts passport. You can adjust the state of your inner crew to see exactly who takes the wheel as your Captain of the Moment. The link below opens up Philipa’s parts passport as a PDF file.

👉 Try the Inner Crew Parts Passport


Smooth Sailing Ahead: Review and Repair

True psychological agility isn’t about tossing challenging parts overboard or fighting yourself. Mutiny never brought peace to a ship. Instead, effective parts work is all about a supportive process of review and repair.

Our primary aim at Resource Therapy is to step in, compass in hand, to safely review what each part needs, repair the old distress, and guide them back to their healthy, Normal condition.

⚓ The Journey from Mutiny to Harmony

Where You Are Now (Current Reality)The Healing Voyage (Our Steps)Where We Are Steering (Desired Reality)
Flooded Parts: Anchored in past distress.1. Identify & Review: Meet the part with compassion.Smooth Sailing: An internal ship that glides effortlessly.
Internal Mutiny: Parts fighting for control.2. Repair Old Pain: Safely unburden and heal the hurt.The Right Captain: The perfect state leading at the perfect time.
Stuck in Habits: Outdated coping mechanisms.3. Return to “Normal”: Anchor the part back in the present.Total Alignment: A crew that works together beautifully.


We don’t try to eliminate your protective or anxious parts. We listen to them. We help the *Vaded* parts safely release their old pain, we negotiate peace treaties between *Conflicted* parts, and we guide the *Dissonant* parts back to the roles where they actually thrive.
The ultimate goal is beautifully simple: ensuring that whatever waters life throws you into, the part acting as the Captain of the Moment is returned to its healthy, normal state, perfectly suited to the occasion, completely grounded, and armed with the exact skills you need to navigate ahead.

A diverse multi-ethnic crew of smiling friends standing together on the sunny deck of a sailing boat on open blue water representing aligned personality parts in Resource Therapy.
The ultimate goal of Resource Therapy: An aligned internal crew holding clear passports, working together seamlessly under the Captain of the Moment.. Source: Lydia Paleschi

Meet the Captains of Global Resource Therapy

Bringing harmony to your inner crew requires a safe, experienced, and deeply compassionate pair of hands. That’s where we come in.

As the leading global authorities on Resource Therapy, Philipa Thornton and Chris Paulin bring decades of combined clinical expertise, warmth, and down-to-earth kindness to this profound parts-work framework. Operating from our hub in Sydney, Australia, we oversee the growth of this transformative therapy worldwide as the directors of the Australia Resource Therapy Institute and leading voices for Resource Therapy International.

Our mission is to ensure every part of you gets the stamp of validation it deserves, making this fast, respectful, and powerful clinical tool accessible to therapists and clients everywhere.

Whether you are looking to book a personal consultation to find your own internal alignment or you’re a practitioner ready to revolutionise your clinical practice, we are here to support you every nautical mile of the way.

Ready to update your passports? If you are looking for a psychologist in Sydney, or you are based anywhere across Australia or New Zealand and want to experience the rapid, life-changing shift of parts work, explore our global directory to find a certified Clinical Resource Therapist near you.

For practitioners in Australia and NZ ready to upgrade your clinical toolkit with world-class expertise, join Philipa and Chris in our upcoming professional training cohorts online and in person. Secure your passport to advanced clinical excellence on our workshop training page here.

About the Authors


Philipa Thornton & Chris Paulin are General/ Consultant Psychologists, senior international trainers, and founders of the Australia Resource Therapy Institute (ARTI). As the President and Treasurer, they are on the executive committee of Resource Therapy International. They specialise in helping individuals and practitioners master advanced parts work to create rapid, lasting emotional healing.

What Makes Resource Therapy as a Parts Work Model Special ?

A cinematic Resource Therapy graphic showing a calm captain at the helm of a wooden ship, surrounded by Australian animal crew members representing different Resource States. The sea shifts from stormy to calm golden light, symbolising movement from distress to clarity. The image reflects Resource Therapy’s Australian origins, parts-based framework, and structured clinical map for trauma-informed healing.Philipa Thornton A therapist-like captain at the helm of a ship with Australian animal crew members, symbolising Resource Therapy as an Australian parts therapy model with a clear clinical map.

Ok I will admit my bias as President of RTI here. While most therapies help clients talk about the problem..

Resource Therapy helps therapists speak directly with the part of the person that is carrying it. The one holding stuck emotions, outdated coping behaviours or old shame.

That is the clinical elegance of Resource Therapy. And I think one of the reasons it is gaining attention among psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists, and trauma-informed practitioners globally.

Developed in Australia by Professor Gordon Emmerson, PhD. I love this ! Resource Therapy grew from the lineage of Ego State Therapy. Gordon has developed RT into it’s own distinctive model. Indeed RT is often referred to as Advanced Ego State Therapy for this very reason.

Through Gordon’s many  books, including Ego State Therapy, Healthy Parts Happy Self, Resource Therapy Primer, Resource Therapy, Learn Resource Therapy, and Therapist Gold we see this.

Gordon Emmerson offers therapists a practical, structured, and deeply respectful way to understand personality as a system of inner Resource States – our inner crew.

These states are not “broken parts.” They are inner resources.

Some are confident, calm, loving, creative, or competent. Others carry old pain, fear, rejection, confusion, avoidance, anger, disappointment, or conflict.

In Resource Therapy, symptoms are not treated as random pathology. They are understood as signals that a particular state is active, distressed, protective, or stuck in an old emotional learning.

That is where the model becomes powerful.

Resource Therapy gives therapists a clear clinical road map. Rather than asking, “What is wrong with this person?” RT asks:

Which part is at the helm?
What is this Resource State carrying?
What does this state need in order to heal, update, or relax?

This creates a more compassionate and precise therapy process.

A client may present with anxiety, but the real work may be with a Vaded State carrying fear. Client’s may describe depression, but the therapist may discover a state holding disappointment or rejection. A client who avoids closeness may not be “resistant” at all. They may have a Retro Avoiding State trying to protect them from old attachment wounds. Couples may appear locked in conflict, when underneath the fight are hurt states longing for safety, connection, and repair.

This is what makes Resource Therapy so useful in trauma work, relationship therapy, addictions, shame, anxiety, depression, and stuck therapeutic patterns. It does not leave therapists guessing. It offers a structured framework of diagnosis and treatment actions, so the clinician can identify the active state and choose the next therapeutic step with confidence.

Resource Therapy is also beautifully Australian in spirit. Which is why we use Aussie animals, and me being a kiwi a few from NZ too.

It is practical, direct, warm, and down-to-earth.

It does not overcomplicate healing. Instead it simplifies.

It gives therapists language clients can understand and targetted interventions that can create meaningful change in session.

At the Australia Resource Therapy Institute, we often describe the model through the ship and crew metaphor. The person is not one flat, fixed self. They are more like a ship with many crew members. Sometimes the wise, steady Captain is at the helm. At other times, a frightened, rejected, angry, confused, or protective crew member takes over the wheel.

Recognising the Captain of the moment who is driving is a key skill.

Resource Therapy helps the therapist meet that crew member with respect, not judgment. And then, gently and precisely, help the right part heal.

That is what makes Resource Therapy special.

It is not just another parts model – similar, yes, to IFS, EGO State Therapy, and Voice Dialogue. But unique in its structure, where you know what key actions to take and when. Applying your own therapeutic artistry.

It is an Australian-born, clinically structured, attachment-informed therapy that gives therapists a clear way to work with the part that needs help now.

Less guessing. More precision. Deeper healing.

Love learning? Join us in June.

References

Emmerson, G. (2007). Ego state therapy. Crown House Publishing.

Emmerson, G. (2012). Healthy parts, happy self: 3 steps to like yourself. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Emmerson, G. (2014). Resource therapy primer. Old Golden Point Press.

Emmerson, G. (2014). Resource therapy. Old Golden Point Press.

Emmerson, G. (2014). Resource therapy trainer’s manual: For Resource Therapy Foundation Training and Resource Therapy Clinical Qualification Training. Old Golden Point Press.

Emmerson, G. (2015). Learn resource therapy: Clinical qualification student training manual. Old Golden Point Press.

Essing, C., & Emmerson, G. (2025). Therapist gold: Treating fear-based trauma and attachment trauma. Old Golden Point Press.

When It’s Not A Part: Understanding an OPI in Parts Work

Graphic representing Resource State theory, alongside a INtrojects and Other Personalised Introject (OPI), demonstrating the difference between parts of the personality and an internal presence experienced as not belonging to the self in Resource Therapy.

For therapists working with trauma, parts, and complexity

A Subtle and Critical Moment In Therapy

Sometimes in therapy, there’s a moment that doesn’t quite fit. You’re with a client. The work is flowing. And then something shifts.

The tone changes.
The language sharpens.
The energy feels… different.

And if you’re really attuned, there’s often a quiet internal signal:

“Hmm ..I’m not quite speaking to my client right now.”

It’s easy to dismiss. But clinically, this moment matters.

Because not everything that appears in a session belongs to the personality.

What Is Resource Therapy? (And Why This Distinction Matters)

Resource Therapy is an attachment-informed, trauma-focused, action-based parts therapy developed by Professor Gordon Emmerson.

It provides therapists with:

  • a clear map of which part is at the helm
  • a structured way to identify 8 clinical pathologies
  • 15 targeted treatment actions for direct intervention

Unlike many parts models, Resource Therapy is not just about insight.

👉 It is about knowing what to do next in the room

Not Everything Present Is A Part

In Resource Therapy, we work primarily with Resource States (parts). So do EMDR Therapists, CBT workers and ACT psychotherapists.

These are aspects of the personality that:

  • belong to the person
  • hold emotional and sensory experience
  • can be accessed, processed, and resolved

But here is the clinical edge:

👉 Not everything present in the system is a Resource State

And when we assume it is, we risk working in the wrong place.

What Is An OPI (Other Personalised Introject)?

An OPI (Other Personalised Introject) is:

an internalised “other” that is experienced as separate from the self, and not part of the personality system

This is where Resource Therapy differs from many other parts-based approaches.

Rather than treating all internal experiences as parts, RT distinguishes between:

  • Resource States (parts)
  • Introjects (internalised relational imprints)
  • OPIs (not part of the personality)

How To Recognise An OPI In Session

OPIs have a distinct clinical feel.

You may notice:

  • Third-person language
  • Feels like a Perpetrator
    • “She’s useless”
  • A rigid, repetitive voice
  • A strong sense of “this is not me”
  • An intrusive or “other” quality
  • A feeling that you are speaking to someone else

This is not metaphor.

It is a clinical observation.

Common Mistake: Treating Everything As A Part

Most therapists are trained to respond to internal experiences by:

  • exploring them
  • integrating them
  • or healing them

And often, this works.

But when the experience is actually an OPI:

👉 This approach can slow the work down significantly

You may notice:

  • circular conversations
  • lack of shift
  • client confusion
  • therapist uncertainty

Not because the work is wrong.

Because the target is wrong.

The Resource Therapy Parts Distinction

Resource Therapy brings clarity through structure:

Resource States (Parts)

  • Belong to the self
  • Hold emotion and experience
  • Can be healed and integrated

Introjects

  • Internalised relational messages
  • Held within a Resource State
  • Worked through the part that carries them

OPIs

  • Not part of the self
  • Experienced as “other”
  • Can be engaged and leave

👉 This distinction allows for precision-based therapy

What To Do When It’s Not A Part

When an OPI is identified, the clinical stance shifts.

In Resource Therapy, we:

  • clarify what is present
  • check whether it belongs to the client
  • engage it directly if needed using the OPI protocol
  • support its separation from the system

We do not:

  • treat it as a part
  • attempt integration
  • or process it as a trauma state

What Clients Experience After OPI Work

When this is done well, the shift can be immediate.

Clients often report:

  • a sense of internal quiet and a sense of feeling lighter, unburdened
  • increased clarity
  • reduced internal conflict
  • relief that feels disproportionate to the time spent

This is not insight-based change.

👉 It is a structural change in the system

Why This Matters For Trauma Work

For therapists working with:

  • complex trauma
  • attachment disruptions
  • dissociation
  • internal conflict

This distinction is critical.

Because precision:

  • reduces overwhelm
  • increases safety
  • accelerates resolution

Learn Resource Therapy Clinical Resource Therapy Program (Full Qualification)

If this way of working resonates, the next step is learning the model in a structured way.

A clear, practical introduction to:

  • identifying Resource States
  • understanding RT language
  • beginning to apply interventions

Clinical Resource Therapy Program (Full Qualification)

Our 10-day training covers:

  • all 8 RT pathologies
  • The 15 treatment actions for a clinical roadmap
  • direct access work
  • trauma resolution using parts
  • Relieving OPI’s – Day 9

Training is delivered online and in person through the
Australia Resource Therapy Institute – click here to discover the Parts work of the Clinical Resource Therapy Program

Reflections of a Parts Therapist

In therapy, we are trained to ask:

👉 What is happening here?

Resource Therapy invites a more precise question:

👉 What is here… and does it actually belong to the system?

Because when we get that right:

The work becomes clearer.
Faster.
And deeply effective.

Philipa Thornton
President – Resource Therapy International
Director – Australia Resource Therapy Institute

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